After months of rancor, the federal government has initiated negotiations with the Sindh government to address longstanding tensions over water rights, belatedly realizing that it cannot proceed on interprovincial matters without consensus.
Unfortunately, the center’s delay in pursuing dialogue has all-but-ensured that the Cholistan canals project has become a poisoned chalice—much like the Kalabagh Dam—that no amount of talks will now make acceptable to residents of Sindh. The roots of the water-sharing conflict trace back to the 1991 Water Accord, which allocated specific shares to each province. A landmark agreement, successive governments’ failure to adapt it to prevailing water shortages has left it insufficient for present needs.
Pakistan’s escalating water scarcity exacerbates these interprovincial tensions. Experts warn that if current trends continue, the country could face severe water shortages by 2035. Despite this knowledge being commonplace for years, authorities have failed to take any steps to address it. Factors contributing to this crisis, such as climate change, rapid population growth, and inefficient water management practices, remain largely unaddressed, with the agricultural sector particularly vulnerable.
The Punjab government has claimed the Cholistan canals will address shortages, but has failed to recognize that unilateral projects that impact multiple provinces require consensus of all affected parties. Sindh’s argument, primarily, is that the canals would utilize water earmarked for it, deepening mistrust among provinces.
While the current negotiations signify a recognition of the importance of collaborative problem solving, they are likely far too late to secure a mutually beneficial agreement. Sindh minister Saeed Ghani has indicated as much, claiming the province will not accept the construction of the canals “at any cost.” This approach is equally as flawed as that adopted by the federal government in the past. Strengthening national unity requires all stakeholders to commit to transparent discussions, grounded in scientific data and mutual respect. Only by doing so can Pakistan navigate prevailing water challenges, which will likely worsen in the years to come, and ensure sustainable resource management for future generations.